Physical Growth and Development

I. INTRODUCTION

Early childhood is the golden opportunity for children to learn, so that called golden age (golden age). At this age children have the ability to tremendous learningespecially in early childhood. Considering the age Early is the golden age at the time of the child's development should be optimized. Early childhood development holistic, which candevelop optimally if healthy weight, sufficient nutrition and are good learners and true.Developing children of the various aspects of developing physical, both coarse and fine motor skills, developing cognitive, social and emotional.

Gross motor development is very important for Early childhood play groups, especially children / KB and garden childrens / TK. Actually the assumption that gross motor development will developed automatically with increasing age of the child, the a false assumption. Gross motor development in children the need for the help of educators in early childhood education institutions, namely from the side of what assisted, how to help the right / Appropriate, how kind exercises that are safe for children in accordance with the stages of age and how activities gross motor physical delightful children.

The ability to move and physical action related to a child with a sense of confidence and the formation of self-concept. Therefore the same gross motor development important as other aspects of development for early childhood. Education Curriculum Kindergarten covering six aspects namely the development of moral and religious values, social - emotional and independence, language skills, cognitive, physical / motor and the arts. Park childhood is one form of early childhood education programs.TK education is not compulsory, but provide benefits for preparing children to enter elementary school.

  In general, learning in kindergarten for the development aspects physical / motor more focused to the development of fine motor skills, while gross motor less attention.Whereas motor development rough early childhood also need guidance from educators.Development gross motor skills for children ages kindergarten, among others, throwing and catching a ball,   walk on the plank (balance of the body), running with variousvariations (back and forth on top of the line), climbing and swinging (swinging), jump over the ditch or bolsters, and so on. Should movements Gross motor is practiced by children kindergarten under the guidance and supervision educator / teacher, so expect all aspects of development to develop optimally.

Gross motor development are equally important with other developmental aspects, due to the inability of children Physical activity will make children less confident, even lead to a negative self concept in physical activity. And if the child is assisted by educators, great chances to overcome the incompetence and become more confident.

                 II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

A. Basic Concepts, Values ​​and Philosophy of Sport For Childhood

B. Aspects of Growth and Development

C. Basic Skills Athletics, Gymnastics, Games, and Pool

D. Application Models for Physical Education Learning

E. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation

F. Development Branch accordance Sports Interest and Talent Childhood

                        III. DISCUSSION

A. Basic Concepts, Values ​​and Basic Philosophy   Sport   For Early Childhood

In sports early age, children targets to be achieved is to apply the best possible skills and abilities that have been trained into the match. Is the amount of effort and personal improvement that should be appreciated and become a target for each child, instead of merely achieving victory in the match. The purpose of involving children in sports activities is as an introduction to the experience of exercise, improve physical skills, building customer ercayaan themselves.

In this period, which required the child is the joy of exercise. Therefore, the coach does not need to emphasize the mastery of techniques or rules of the game.Praise or prizes are awarded to businesses that do the child, not to the end result. Here need to be instilled a feeling of "success" not only as a champion, but also as a participant. Therefore, it is important in this early period of each participant in a championship can be awarded. Mental preparation in the face of the game is also a matter of concern. Primarily children need to get used positive thinking, given the belief that in the game later he was able to show the skills that have been practiced.

Ideally, according to the view of life (philosophy) and the concept that we have adopted physical education, sports coaching early age it was directed at the introduction and the mastery of basic skills of a sport that comes with the development of skills and physical abilities of a general nature. Meanwhile, in the context of education physical, as in the early grades, the emphasis is on the development of motor skills overall.

From instinct educate Ki Hajar Dewantara, said he believed that the atmosphere is very good and appropriate education is in a family atmosphere and with the principle of compassion (love), grindstones (memahirkan), and foster (guiding). Three aspects will provide shades for a child to behavior (behavior), attitude (attitude) and value (velue).As well as the theory of Karl Groos, Yang theory called the theory of biological saying "Kids play because children should prepare themselves with energy and thoughts for the future depanya. As is the case with baby animals, who played as an exercise for a living, the human child was playing to train organs of body and soul to face the depanya

Judging from the biological aspect, early childhood sport is still in its early stages develop aspects of physical fitness (strengthens the heart, bones and muscles) as well as stimulate optimal child development. Early childhood sport should be packed into a sports game that is in addition to developing these aspects also develop psychosocial aspects, namely to develop the values ​​of the child in a positive way, toward the construction of a sporty character, dynamic, creative, tolerant, honest, and responsible .

The concept of "Nation and Character Building" through Physical Education Sport and Health as a basic concept of the formation of character rests on the empowerment of children through education or sports activities at school.

Penjasorkes character formation in learning include:

· Physical formation of healthy, fit, strong, superior and competitive

· P e mbentukan mental form of sportsmanship, democratic, tolerant and disciplined

· Formation of moral become more responsive, sensitive, honest and sincere

· Establishment of social abilities, which are able to compete, cooperate, disciplined, friendly, and nationality.

Health experts agree that exercise can improve fitness characterized by increased physical the function of the heart, blood vessels, blood circulation, respiratory systemand metabolic processes, as well as the ability the body to ward off a variety whether caused illnesses by infection or not due to infection. Exercise also can reduce the symptoms of the disorder psychic, eg mental stress (stress) and stress (anxiety). Withchallenging sports activities, if someone is able to overcome these challenges, willappears a satisfaction, and a sense of satisfaction This will reduce stress.

Early childhood as a citizen and candidates for future generation are also entitled to services adequate exercise as a means of growth for the sake of perfection development and growth. Fulfillment of needs for activities sports for preschoolers and when schools through the provision of Lessons Penjasorkes. It is useful for the sake of growth and development of the organ- these organs are good and optimal.Good physical condition is the main capital for me developing the potential of other self. Can imagine what would happen if impaired child the function of organs such as the heart, lung, or other organs, of course, these children will experience barriers to growth and brain development. Penjasorkes (physical education) provides motion needs for children preschool and school moment. Activity Sports are very important for children because it has a lot of benefits in Among these are to spur growth and the development of organs the body including the brain, improving resistance to disease(immune), has the function of rehabilitation or normalize disability.

Children who experience obstacles in the growth and development the brain, the organ is not will be able to function properly. Brain serves as the center of all coordination organs, and also affect growth and development other human organs, thusin case of disturbances in the brain, the intelligence becomes weak, even may experience delays mental.

B. Aspects of Physical Growth and Development

Growth and development have a different understanding. Growth has an idea of increasing volume / size of the organs, moderate growth is increasingly increasing the function of organs body. Experience gained childhood is not will be lost and will affect behavior at the age of an adult. For example, children are trained studying hard since childhood, persistent won

ideals, later as an adult will be a persistent, tenacious, and be a hard worker. Likewiseotherwise, childhood educated indulgence, everything is all easy and tasty, then as an adult is difficult become an independent person and always dependent on others.According Eliyawati (2005: 18), characteristics early childhood that stands out in relation to learning activities among them is a unique character, self-centered, active and energetic, explorative and spirited adventure, the expression behavior relatively spontaneous, rich and happy with fantasy / power Kayal, easy frustration, lack of consideration, power Short attention, passion for learn and a lot to learn from experience and increasingly showing interest to a friend.  

The best age to perform stimulation in children is as early as possible. Optimal results will be obtained if the child is given the stimulation of growth and development while he was still in the womb the age of 4 months and after birth until the age of 6 years. However, the provision of stimulation of growth and development needs to continue after 6 year old boy until the age of 8 years. Growth and development emphasis on four aspects of the basic ability of children who need some kind of stimulus, namely: the ability coarse motion, fine motor skills, speech and language, as well as social skills (interaction) and self-reliance.

Development of physical abilities in young children can be identified in some cases. The properties of physical development can be observed are as follows:

1. There was the development of large muscles quite quickly in the last 2 yearsfuture small children. This allows the child to do range of motion more freely which can then be done assortment basic movement skills. Several basic kinds of motion, for example: running, jump, berjengket, throwing, catching, and hitting developingat the same time but with different rhythms development. There is Faster controlled and there is newly acquired later.

2. With the development of large muscles, occurs precisely developments fast enough strength, both in boys and girls. Between the ages of 3 to 6 years of an increase in strength until reaches approximately 65%.

3. The growth of the feet and hands proportionally faster than growth in other parts of the body, resulting in increased power u ngkit greater in motion involving hands and feet. The greater the leverage will increase the speed of the move. It is very supportive of the establishment an assortment of basic movement skills.

4. An increase in motor coordination and balance fairly fast. Motor coordination improved and accompanied by leverage feet and hands are bigger, make children more capable using its strength in physical activity. While increasing the balance of the body also increases the flexibility range of motion in the motion skills.

5. Increased possibilities and opportunities perform various physical movement activity can stimulate the development of the introduction of concepts basic object, space, style, time and causation. Through movement Physical small children begin to recognize the basic concepts of object that is outside himself.

C. Basic Skills Athletics, Games, Gymnastics, and Pool

Athletics is a sport that includes numbers walk, run, jump and throw. Children in his life almost from some time spent playing, by conducting various forms of motion walking, running, jumping, and throwing. Class child beginning elementary school (SD) will be happy when you get the lessons that have been known before such as running and playing, they will be more interested and skilled in doing so. Therefore forms the basis of athletic movement needs to be imparted to children beginning primary school classroom. Children can develop and improve the athletic skills of basic movements. Therefore the children needs to be invested, various ways of doing basic movements such as the movement of the right athletic walk, run and jump.

Every child likes water. They generally love to play water when bathed in the shower, in the pool, on the edge of the waterfall, even on the beach. Therefore, it is important to teach children to learn more about water early in order to avoid disaster.

Children are naturally attracted to water, especially in the vast expanse like the pool and the sea. However, according to a swimming instructor, the child's reaction to water vary greatly, depending on age.

When they were little, they are still afraid to immerse themselves deeper in the water.They generally prefer to play in the water only ankle only. Actually, when the child was two years old, parents can begin to train them to swim. The trick, take them to the pool and hold the body so that they can kick or lapping water with his hands and feet.

And when the child has entered the age of four years and have been quite familiar with the water, they can learn to hold back and catch your breath and float, such aswater sports or learn to dive. Thus, when entering the age of six years, is ready to learn to swim / dive formal courses, such as scuba diving, or diving techniques right

The swimming pool is the best place for beginners who want to learn swimming.Because, in the place was not encountered elements that could jeopardize such a deep hole, the water flow is heavy, or sharp rocks.

The main reason of accidents on the water is panic. Situations such as this must be experienced by anyone who do not master the science of learning skimpy swimming or diving, water sports are less familiar. Minutes first realized his feet did not touch the surface, they immediately forgot that the human body can float on the water itself in a relaxed state.

Swimming is one of the most important skills that can be implanted in children since childhood. Parents who are not able to swim or be afraid of the water should be able to cope with his emotions when accompanying children to learn to swim or dive course. If not, it can negatively affect the child so that they also feel anxious when learning to dive anyway.

Seifert, Hoffnung (1987: 322) states that play is the world children that took place in the period quite a long time. On six years of age, motor skills have started to evolve more complex, which can be run with various variations of speed, jump, move,climbing, move something appropriately, standing one foot, catches ball, and drawing something, the exercise in accordance with the

these skills can be done.

Gymnastics is one of the activities that can stimulate motor physical development of young children. Gymnastics to the accompaniment of music and song makes musical intelligence of children also participated terbina.

On the other hand, through the activities of ECD cheerful gymnastics expected multiple intelligence possessed child can develop as well, so the children are healthy, intelligent, cheerful and noble can be realized. In addition to developing the potential of children, to get children to exercise (gymnastics) early, expected later children like to exercise, considering the sport is a very important thing to keep in shape.

Sports activities good for early childhood have characteristics (1) provide a variety of experiences motion (multilateral training) in forms of games and competitions; (2) stimulate the development of the whole five senses; (3) developimagination / fantasy; and (4) moves to follow rhythm / song or story. However, of the characteristics of sport for Early childhood is sought packaged in a game / race so that children are interested and get pleasure.

D. Application Models for Physical Education Learning

With active move to follow the game physical fitness will increase. The sense of giving experience motion assortment (Multilateral training) are children given the opportunity to experience a variety of wide experience motion differ- depending, for example: climbing, crawling, crawl, roll, slide, jump, hang, play in water, pulling, pushing, running by hand, and so forth. Experience motion that meet a number of these can use the tool as well as in outdoors.

Examples balance exercises in the open is to how to do motion walking / runningin the rice field, running over bamboo bridge, exercise runs at a certain height, and so on. Climbing exercises conducted by climbing mango trees, guava tree climbing, climbing stairs, climbing ropes, climbing the fence, climb wall / rock, and so on.

Similarly, motor skills others, such as the above can be trained to use the tool as well in the open. It is important to watch out for educators / parents do too muchrestrict the freedom of play these children for reasons of compassion or protection of the child. If this ban is often done then the children will experience a shortageexperience of motion, whereas experience motion during children (Childhood) will have a great effect against motor skills in adulthood (adulthood). In adult life some-Sometimes humans are faced with motion demands assortment the degree of difficulty that differ- different. Children who have experience a lot of movement will more quickly adjust to The new motion demands that must be do.

 Sports activities to develop the function senses of them are:

(1) the senses of sight, with green-black game, game driver genius using the toola wide range of auxiliary flag Different colors, game driver genius with a variety toolssorts of different objects forms, and so on, and every color / shape has the task of motion different;

(2) the sense of hearing, the game of blind man looking kid, playing soccer withthe ball can be sounded with eyes closed, game information continued / relay, and so on;

(3) the senses smell, with game Smell Magical use tool aids in the form of various objects with different scents, and each scent has the task of motion

different;

          (4) the sense of touch, with Game hostage release ie with various types touch on the body of differ- different, and every kind of touch has the task to a different motionSimilarly;

         (5) The sense of taste, with a game Sakti tongue, namely by using miscellaneous tools food that has flavor different, and each flavor has different motion tasks.

Penjasorkes teachers must be good at creative making the game for the purpose of develop the five senses. This is important because the senses are Tobak someone in the receiving end stimuli (stimulus), understanding errors the stimulus it will be wrong too in its response (response). Sports activities to develop fantasy / imagination, for example by relay race form certain images with puzzel, drawing by way of the relay, race relay to form a specific shape, such as houses, tables, ottoman blackboard with a piece of tools pipe or beam pieces, and so on.

Sports activities to develop imagination can also be imitating animals, nature, and other inanimate objects, for example: the game into a statue, weasel huntingchicks, catch fish, change states of matter, disaster response game, etc.

Sports activities by following rhythm / song, among which are by singing the song "Up-riding mountain "students do motion as contained in the lyrics eg song lyrics 'ride-up' students stepped with high thigh force, teachers can sprinkle with story in front of ditches let's jump, road tiptoe, and so on. The song 'go to the forest 'after the name of the animal eg certain monkeys, after until the lyrics "this is the way, this is how the way "so students do ape animal movements such as motion, teachers can add to the story to add motion task students have to do.

Learning sports activities with the method The teachers are required to richimagination and good at making stories interesting that the students will perform tasksmotion without compulsion.

E. In accordance Sports Talent Development Branch Early Childhood Interests

After a 5-year-old son, they began to be introduced to the types of sports games that are more complex, involving cooperation and competition. However, it should be noted here, the competition concerned must remain within the context of the play. To begin implementing that sport has formal rules, should wait until the child is 8 or 9 years old. In competitive sports, the players not only trying to reach its target but also try to prevent the opponent to reach their targets. This involves direct conflict often followed by aggressiveness in its efforts to prevent the opponent to achieve success. [13]

In sports early age, children targets to be achieved is to apply the best possible skills and abilities that have been trained into the match. Is the amount of effort and personal improvement that should be appreciated and become a target for each child, instead of merely achieving victory in the match. In this period, which required the child is the joy of exercise. After they grew up new exercises was given in accordance with the proportions. The role of sports early age as forming a basis for fostering athletes elderly, and is expected to improve the performance of national and international sports.